This course begins with a survey of the Islamic history vis--vis the development of political, social as well trends of thought found among the Muslims. With regard to politics, the discussion centers on the Muslim ummah since the fall of Baghdad till the beginning of colonialism in the Islamic world. In social aspects, the discussion focuses on trends of thought developing among the Muslims since the fall of Baghdad, especially the dichotomy between the Salafiyyah (Reformist) trend and the Traditionalists (Orthodox) trend of Islam.In the second part, we shall discuss the forms of challenges faced by the Muslims in Modern Times. Among these include colonialism, modernism in all its aspects and forms, orientalism and Zionism.In the third part, we shall stress on the rise of modernist movements in the Islamic world. By definition, modernists are those who are influenced by modernist, that is, Western values, or those who try to fit in Islam with such modern values. In this connection, we shall look at the developments in Turkey, Egypt, Indo-Pakistan sub-continent, Indonesia and the Western world.In the fourth part, we shall discuss about the continuation of Islamic traditional movement. In this instance, by traditionalists, we mean those who strongly uphold the teachings of mazhab (school of thought) in Syariah and the practice of tariqat in tasawwuf, besides accomodating local traditions in their everyday life. Hence, we shall make a survey of traditionalist movements in Africa, Indo-Pakistan sub-continent, Turkey, Indonesia and the Western world.Finally, we shall discuss about the reform movements in the Islamic world. By reformists we mean those who strive to purify Islam foreign elements as well as internal decay. With regard to foreign elements, we mean the influence of Western thought and way of life, whilst the internal factor being such teachings and practices acquired by the Muslims which are also equally destructive in terms of Aqidah and Syariah. In this connection, we shall briefly consider the development of reform in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Africa, Indo-Pakistan sub-continent, Indonesia and the Western world.References:1. Abdul Rahman Hj. Abdullah. (1992). Pemikiran Islam Masa kini: Sejarah dan Aliran. Utusan Publication, K.L.2. Fadhlullah Jamil. (2007). Islam di Asia Barat Moden: Sejarah, Penjajahan dan Pergolakan. Karisma Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur.3. Fadhlullah Jamil. (2005). Dunia Islam Zaman Moden: Cabaran dan Konflik, Edisi Kedua. Thinkers Library, Batu Caves, Selangor.